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I have had many requests I have brought

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my family before to pass SSC meetings

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and I have had no doubt I would say

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about two dozen requests from people

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asking me where's my wife where are my

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kids and so I got on the phone I called

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up my wife and I said I think you're

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gonna need to send a picture she goes

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I'll send the beach picture I said okay

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that'll be fine I'll put it at the front

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so therefore here they are there's my

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son Gregory five years old in the middle

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hiding there's Benedict being held by my

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wife Karen and there's Lydia at one and

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a half room I'm holding right there this

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is I am from Florida for those of you

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are not aware so this is at the beach

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and for those of you who are from

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Colorado this is called an ocean behind

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me it's a big body of water so we've got

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lots of beaches there and so I just

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wanted to share that with you as at the

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beginning of the talk now let's see

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which one there we go

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the talk challenging the insect

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olfaction paradigm new evidence some of

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you probably knew that I was going to be

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talking about insect old-fashioned this

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is specifically what we study more so

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than anything else at the laboratory

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although we do study other parts of bio

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electromagnetics but having the

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background in entomology this has really

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forced me in order to go after the

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insects more so and it was a number of

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years ago that I realized that there

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were problems as many of us have found

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uncertain paradigms in the insect

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olfaction paradigm was one of them now I

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did present in 2009 and in 2009 I talked

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about the temporal evidence against the

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current theory of insect olfaction

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however now three years later there are

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some new evidence to report therefore

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I'm going to first introduce what the

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insect olfaction paradigm is so that all

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of you are all up on the same boat and

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you're understanding where I'm coming

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from and then I'm going to introduce the

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new evidence that you can see and follow

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along why I have some difficulties with

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that with that particular paradigm

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olfaction and insects how is it

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accomplished most of us know that

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insects smell what they're

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we do not know that instinctively so

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we've got a large by pectin ADA antenna

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from the Saturn eyed moth off to the

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left we have another clear wing to moth

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off to the right but you can see the

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antennae are very prominent and that is

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how almost all insects smelled I know

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there's some smelling and tasting on the

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feet and the wings and even on the back

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end of the insect but for the most part

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odorants are picked up by the antenna

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now if we zoom in on the antenna we can

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see that there are some small structures

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and I want to point those out because

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it's not the antenna proper that is

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necessarily involved in insect olfaction

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we have these very tiny sencilla

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sometimes called hairs sometimes they're

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called tricloid scintilla which means a

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hair sencilla and these are the actual

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structures which are involved in insect

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old-fashion this is what they're

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actually using to detect the odorants in

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some case a pheromone so I've zoomed in

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on one just one of these hairs and these

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things are microscopic you can't seem

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with the naked eye but if we zoom in on

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this we see this is these are the cells

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underneath there's a truck gent or Majin

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selfie kijun cell three cells that are

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involved in the formation of the hair

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and the socket up above we have

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something sticking up above the cuticle

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which is the hair light portion that you

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see right there there are some holes in

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the top these pores are very tiny some

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are on the order of 10 to 15 nanometers

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can't see those either and the pheromone

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in these case the long-chain carbon

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molecules which is indicative of most

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lepidopteran pheromones those being the

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butterflies and the moss would then

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enter the holes and make their way

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through this watery matrix right here

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and actually impinge upon a dendrite so

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there's a dendrite extending up into the

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hair right there which is the final

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detector of the insect pheromone what

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I'm going to do is I'm going to zoom in

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right now so I'm zooming in adjust this

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part so I don't want to talk about the

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entire hair but I do want to focus on

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the pores the outside cuticle and the

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dendrites on the inside let's continue

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this is now the close-up that I just

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described to you with that red

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rectangular box now we can see the

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said cuticle those blue dots are what

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I'm going to call the pheromone these

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yellow dots of the pheromone degrading

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enzymes they eat up the pheromone first

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chance they get they're very good at and

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they fart are found on the outside in

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addition they're also found on the

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inside so any pheromone that's going to

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get inside is also going to get picked

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off by the pheromone degrading enzymes

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and they're working very very hard in

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order to eat the pheromone as quickly as

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possible now what happens is because the

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pheromone cannot cross this watery

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matrix because it is a long-chain fatty

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acid oil and water don't mix therefore

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it has to pick off a ride from another

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molecule this other molecule is called a

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binding protein this binding protein

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picks up the pheromone at the pore just

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like that it travels the cross via

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diffusion makes its way to the dimer

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receptor we actually know that the

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receptor is composed of two proteins not

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just one and this dimer receptor then

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somehow is able to pick and recognize

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the pheromone or the pheromone pheromone

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binding protein complex it is not quite

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clear whether or not there is a

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separation of the pheromone or whether

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or not they actually are detected in the

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complex and this separation if it does

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occur occurs at a pH of five otherwise

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there will be no breaking of the bond

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between the binding protein and the

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pheromone so it's to show you what the

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relative sizes of the binding protein

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versus the pheromone the binding protein

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is much bigger it's about sixty six

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times bigger assuming a volumetric mass

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of a sphere and they're not spheres I

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understand that that the pheromone

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binding protein is roughly globular the

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pheromone is not usually circular but I

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actually drew this to scale so that you

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can see the size difference between them

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and that if the pheromone does not

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escape remember that part of it is going

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to be bound to the binding protein and

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it will not be able to be necessarily

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detected so we've got a dilemma right

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here is the pheromone alone being

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detected at the dendritic membrane or is

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the pheromone pheromone binding protein

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complex in other words it doesn't break

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up there are two fields of thought

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I know a number of American researchers

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that feel the first I've talked to

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German researchers who believe in the

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second but if the receptor detects the

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pheromone shape then obviously the

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pheromone alone needs to do that however

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we have a different situation if the

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Germans are correct

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complex then binds with it the receptor

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detects the whole complex and identifies

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the pheromone based on this complex this

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is the summary slide that I gave back in

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2009 I wanted to jog your memory for

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those of you who were there with me in

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2009 I had expressed that the temporal

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evidence did did show that it's actually

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impossible for the pheromone or any

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odorant in order to reach the dendritic

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membrane in time in order to explain

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insect olfaction time to adhere to the

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sencilla zero milliseconds time to

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diffuse through the wax later takes

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between minutes and hours time to

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diffuse through the pores nothing's been

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published it's unknown time to actually

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bind the pheromone only about one

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millisecond time to transport the

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pheromone only if it's a perfect watery

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matrix diffusion laws say that it's

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going to take a minimum of 12

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milliseconds time to dissociate from the

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pheromone 9 milliseconds if a pH of 5

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100 seconds if we don't have that pH of

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5 and finally time to activate the

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receptor less than one millisecond it's

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actually on the order of Pico seconds so

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if you add this all up you can see that

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it's impossible to reach the goal of 1

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to 10 milliseconds why is it 1 to 10

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milliseconds because we know the insect

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can smell within about 1 to 10

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milliseconds so if you cannot explain

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how the pheromone gets there then how is

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detection occurring and we know very

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reliably that it's occurring in less

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than 10 milliseconds for your biologist

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I want to put this into perspective for

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your biologists or maybe neurobiologist

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I know there's a couple of you in the

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audience right now these synapse if we

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take a look at the time course of events

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of a neurotransmitter as it goes across

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the synapse it takes between 3.3 and

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five point three milliseconds for

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synaptic transmission to occur for the

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process of that to occur the insect

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pheromone is on the same order of

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detection on a timescale as a synapse

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the synapse and for your neurobiologist

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it would be a type two acetylcholine

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receptor the synapse is running about

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twenty nanometers the insects and Scylla

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the pheromone has to travel between

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eleven hundred and fifty to two thousand

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nanometers so there's a very big

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difference in space that needs to be

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traveled and therefore to assume that

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the synapse and thus in Scylla are

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smelling at the same time is hard

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scientifically to believe so what else

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is going on some of you know the

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direction that I'm heading into right

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now because obviously I'm involved in

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bio electro magnetics so is there a

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possibility that there is something else

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going on besides the classic diffusion

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lock-and-key method which has talked

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about in the textbooks and an insect

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physiology courses that are taught in

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departments of entomology so part of the

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research that is conducted our

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laboratory is in literature reviews this

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is a forgotten science in my opinion

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because many people feel that science is

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based upon producing tables and graphs

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and figures and and doing all that kind

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of stuff when in actuality canvassing

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the literature especially when you're

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trying to come up with a new theory of

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insect olfaction becomes necessary so in

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reviewing things I ran across the paper

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from Kyle from Germany in 1984 as well

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as white Asik and Leal Walter Lee ELLs

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at UC in Davis in 1999 and both of them

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found using three different cationic

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markers that there are fixed negative

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charges present on the dendritic

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membrane of the sencilla

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well this is a useful information to

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start if I have fixed negative charges

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that are unmoving they're fixed then I

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might be able to play around with this

271
00:11:01,010 --> 00:10:59,070
from an electromagnetic standpoint to

272
00:11:05,510 --> 00:11:01,020
see what's possible and what's

273
00:11:07,490 --> 00:11:05,520
impossible so when I saw this paper I

274
00:11:09,560 --> 00:11:07,500
actually had a flashback back to my

275
00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:09,570
senior year at Cornell University

276
00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:10,890
I'm not talking about some of the

277
00:11:15,770 --> 00:11:13,200
flashbacks that you may have when you go

278
00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:15,780
back to your senior year at whatever

279
00:11:19,940 --> 00:11:18,120
college you happen to attend but when I

280
00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:19,950
was at Cornell I did a senior project in

281
00:11:24,890 --> 00:11:22,730
an involved SDS page SDS page stands for

282
00:11:27,140 --> 00:11:24,900
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide

283
00:11:29,410 --> 00:11:27,150
gel electrophoresis and what this

284
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:29,420
process does is it separates proteins

285
00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:33,210
now it separates proteins by what what

286
00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:35,130
you do is you have the proteins the

287
00:11:38,060 --> 00:11:36,570
process of separating them I'm not going

288
00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:38,070
to go into but you then coat them with

289
00:11:41,930 --> 00:11:40,650
negative charges and the more negative

290
00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:41,940
charges they have on them the bigger

291
00:11:46,670 --> 00:11:44,730
than the the binding protein is and so

292
00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:46,680
that's the idea of how to separate them

293
00:11:51,380 --> 00:11:49,170
so what we do is we place the proteins

294
00:11:54,890 --> 00:11:51,390
into these little wells right here on

295
00:11:57,530 --> 00:11:54,900
the top and they then fall through once

296
00:11:59,510 --> 00:11:57,540
we create an electrical charge so we

297
00:12:01,250 --> 00:11:59,520
have a negative electrode at the top we

298
00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:01,260
have a positive electrode at the bottom

299
00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:03,930
they're coated with a negatively charged

300
00:12:07,610 --> 00:12:05,610
protein so they're going to be repelled

301
00:12:09,650 --> 00:12:07,620
by the negative electrode when we turn

302
00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:09,660
it on they're going to be attracted to

303
00:12:13,730 --> 00:12:10,950
the positive electrode and they will

304
00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:13,740
then move down in the straight direction

305
00:12:18,170 --> 00:12:15,510
and they will then create bands and

306
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:18,180
these bands will separate the proteins

307
00:12:22,370 --> 00:12:20,910
according to charge but according to our

308
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:22,380
understanding of it they're actually

309
00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:24,210
being separated according to size

310
00:12:29,030 --> 00:12:26,690
because that's what we're looking for so

311
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:29,040
understanding how this process works and

312
00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:31,410
realizing the research that I just

313
00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:32,730
showed you before I thought there's

314
00:12:37,850 --> 00:12:34,230
something that we might be able to play

315
00:12:41,660 --> 00:12:37,860
with here if I've got fixed negative

316
00:12:43,220 --> 00:12:41,670
charges on the dendritic membrane hmmm

317
00:12:46,250 --> 00:12:43,230
and the current theory says that the

318
00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:46,260
binding protein gets to that and I just

319
00:12:51,230 --> 00:12:48,840
spent an entire presentation in 2009

320
00:12:52,460 --> 00:12:51,240
saying that there's no way using the

321
00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:52,470
laws of diffusion that it's going to

322
00:12:56,930 --> 00:12:54,930
make it in time could there be something

323
00:12:58,520 --> 00:12:56,940
else going on I've actually spent a lot

324
00:13:00,650 --> 00:12:58,530
of time trying to ask people is there

325
00:13:02,150 --> 00:13:00,660
something else that I'm missing so when

326
00:13:03,620 --> 00:13:02,160
this idea came to me I thought I'm gonna

327
00:13:05,630 --> 00:13:03,630
go with it right now because if I got a

328
00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:05,640
negatively charged membrane and I can

329
00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:08,090
show that the binding proteins are

330
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:12,240
positive then I've now got electrostatic

331
00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:14,910
attraction occurring between the binding

332
00:13:18,830 --> 00:13:16,650
protein which we know has to get to the

333
00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:18,840
dendritic membrane whether it separates

334
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:20,280
the pheromone or not it's not important

335
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:21,810
I just need to get that binding protein

336
00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:23,279
to the dendritic

337
00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:25,290
brain with my fixed negative charges

338
00:13:29,749 --> 00:13:26,730
just like sds-page

339
00:13:33,530 --> 00:13:29,759
I may be golden how do I do that

340
00:13:35,509 --> 00:13:33,540
mm-hmm only analyzed amino acids or

341
00:13:37,129 --> 00:13:35,519
proteins I should say you're taking a

342
00:13:38,569 --> 00:13:37,139
look at 20 amino acids there's only 20

343
00:13:40,879 --> 00:13:38,579
amino acids that we need to worry about

344
00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:40,889
these 20 amino acids are listed here

345
00:13:47,059 --> 00:13:44,370
with their three-letter code as well as

346
00:13:48,470 --> 00:13:47,069
their single letter code and obviously

347
00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:48,480
this is a lot to analyze I don't want to

348
00:13:51,860 --> 00:13:49,980
analyze all these so what I'm gonna do

349
00:13:54,049 --> 00:13:51,870
is I'm just gonna analyze some of them I

350
00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:54,059
want to analyze the five that have a

351
00:13:58,009 --> 00:13:56,370
charge associated with them and it's

352
00:13:59,299 --> 00:13:58,019
those five then we're gonna focus on and

353
00:14:00,980 --> 00:13:59,309
just for the purposes of this

354
00:14:04,819 --> 00:14:00,990
presentation going to ignore the other

355
00:14:08,079 --> 00:14:04,829
15 so I've got those five aspartic acid

356
00:14:11,239 --> 00:14:08,089
glutamic acid both of them negative

357
00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:11,249
histidine arginine lysine all three of

358
00:14:17,030 --> 00:14:14,970
them positive now if you play the odds

359
00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:17,040
if you like to play in Vegas and you

360
00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:19,170
want to play the odds I'm looking to get

361
00:14:23,749 --> 00:14:21,660
positively binding proteins I've got

362
00:14:26,119 --> 00:14:23,759
three positives and two negatives

363
00:14:29,420 --> 00:14:26,129
assuming an equal distribution of the

364
00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:29,430
amino acids I mean this this is just a

365
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:31,050
win-win situation so I could say all I

366
00:14:34,579 --> 00:14:32,910
got to do is add this up and I'm gonna

367
00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:34,589
be able to show that are positively

368
00:14:39,910 --> 00:14:37,290
charged binding proteins indeed might be

369
00:14:44,299 --> 00:14:39,920
attracted and therefore I could speed up

370
00:14:45,619 --> 00:14:44,309
unnaturally the process of diffusion so

371
00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:45,629
how do you do this you obtain the amino

372
00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:47,370
acid sequence for a given binding

373
00:14:52,220 --> 00:14:50,490
protein on the NCBI website next you

374
00:14:54,199 --> 00:14:52,230
plug in the amino acid sequence in order

375
00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:54,209
to determine the signal peptide all

376
00:14:57,139 --> 00:14:55,800
peptides when they're produced in the

377
00:14:59,420 --> 00:14:57,149
nuclear membrane have a little bit of

378
00:15:00,619 --> 00:14:59,430
extra stuff on them and after they pass

379
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:00,629
out of the nuclear membrane before

380
00:15:06,079 --> 00:15:02,910
they're activated they're cleaved and

381
00:15:07,519 --> 00:15:06,089
that signal peptide is cleaved off so I

382
00:15:09,019 --> 00:15:07,529
wanted to determine what the signal

383
00:15:11,809 --> 00:15:09,029
peptide was so that I knew what the

384
00:15:14,419 --> 00:15:11,819
active form of the binding protein was

385
00:15:16,460 --> 00:15:14,429
then I needed to determine the number of

386
00:15:18,079 --> 00:15:16,470
each charged amino acid add up the

387
00:15:21,259 --> 00:15:18,089
number of positive and negative charges

388
00:15:23,150 --> 00:15:21,269
simple arithmetic and then finally

389
00:15:26,780 --> 00:15:23,160
calculate the net charge on the binding

390
00:15:28,309 --> 00:15:26,790
protein so let's start there I started

391
00:15:30,019 --> 00:15:28,319
analyzing binding proteins and there's a

392
00:15:31,369 --> 00:15:30,029
lot of them out there right now these

393
00:15:33,049 --> 00:15:31,379
are the pheromone binding protein

394
00:15:34,819 --> 00:15:33,059
charges on the Saturn I at Moss the

395
00:15:36,030 --> 00:15:34,829
Saturn eye and muscle those large big

396
00:15:38,879 --> 00:15:36,040
Maus deluna mas

397
00:15:40,620 --> 00:15:38,889
propia Polyphemus and everyone likes to

398
00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:40,630
study them so you take a look at the

399
00:15:44,069 --> 00:15:42,130
Polyphemus moth it's got a pheromone

400
00:15:45,930 --> 00:15:44,079
binding protein one pheromone binding

401
00:15:48,090 --> 00:15:45,940
protein two for animal binding protein

402
00:15:50,610 --> 00:15:48,100
three continue on down the various

403
00:15:52,559 --> 00:15:50,620
species of saturn iods and you could see

404
00:15:56,939 --> 00:15:52,569
that i'm in trouble right from the

405
00:15:59,519 --> 00:15:56,949
get-go as a matter of fact only three of

406
00:16:04,559 --> 00:15:59,529
the sixteen binding proteins on this

407
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:04,569
slide are positively charged I'm gonna

408
00:16:08,610 --> 00:16:06,610
keep going I was like oh there's got to

409
00:16:10,410 --> 00:16:08,620
be something going on here so I keep

410
00:16:12,660 --> 00:16:10,420
looking I look at other Lepidoptera not

411
00:16:14,730 --> 00:16:12,670
the Saturn iets all the species listed

412
00:16:16,199 --> 00:16:14,740
there their various binding proteins and

413
00:16:18,629 --> 00:16:16,209
there are more than one associated with

414
00:16:21,540 --> 00:16:18,639
each one negative negative negative as a

415
00:16:25,139 --> 00:16:21,550
matter of fact I have only got 2 out of

416
00:16:28,370 --> 00:16:25,149
15 that are positively charged I'm very

417
00:16:30,689 --> 00:16:28,380
competitive so I keep going mmm I

418
00:16:32,189 --> 00:16:30,699
analyzed more on the Lepidoptera as a

419
00:16:34,259 --> 00:16:32,199
matter of fact we even had two forms of

420
00:16:36,540 --> 00:16:34,269
Manduca sexta pheromone binding protein

421
00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:36,550
2 I analyzed both and I said well one

422
00:16:42,809 --> 00:16:38,110
might be right I don't know both will be

423
00:16:45,389 --> 00:16:42,819
right analyze those as well and 1 out of

424
00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:45,399
16 was positively charged

425
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:48,610
I continue to Lepidoptera I've got 1 out

426
00:16:52,889 --> 00:16:51,010
of 14 I think you can see where I'm

427
00:16:54,930 --> 00:16:52,899
going obviously the frustration is

428
00:16:57,990 --> 00:16:54,940
beginning and I feel that Nobel Prize

429
00:17:00,059 --> 00:16:58,000
just being pulled out of my hand so

430
00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:00,069
there is actually Austrian Ubel Alice

431
00:17:03,809 --> 00:17:01,930
has a number of strains as two strains

432
00:17:06,090 --> 00:17:03,819
associated with it different receptivity

433
00:17:07,559 --> 00:17:06,100
to two different pheromone

434
00:17:09,299 --> 00:17:07,569
concentrations so I analyzed both of

435
00:17:12,149 --> 00:17:09,309
them I was getting no help there either

436
00:17:14,220 --> 00:17:12,159
zero out of ten were positive I took a

437
00:17:17,010 --> 00:17:14,230
look at some more zero out of sixteen

438
00:17:19,049 --> 00:17:17,020
were positive then I moved on to the

439
00:17:23,730 --> 00:17:19,059
Hymenoptera which are the wasps bees and

440
00:17:25,079 --> 00:17:23,740
ants and so I was not only was I not

441
00:17:27,120 --> 00:17:25,089
getting the positives that I was looking

442
00:17:28,710 --> 00:17:27,130
for but when I moved to the Hymenoptera

443
00:17:32,070 --> 00:17:28,720
we started getting some high level

444
00:17:34,140 --> 00:17:32,080
negative 12 negative 14 negative we got

445
00:17:35,430 --> 00:17:34,150
negative double digits so you were no

446
00:17:39,149 --> 00:17:35,440
longer dealing what we had in the

447
00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:39,159
Lepidoptera 12 12 really highly charged

448
00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:42,970
negatively charged binding proteins the

449
00:17:48,990 --> 00:17:46,570
scarab beetles scarab beetles also had a

450
00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:49,000
pretty consistent high there was one at

451
00:17:55,610 --> 00:17:49,570
negative

452
00:17:57,900 --> 00:17:55,620
exception of this one which is at zero

453
00:17:59,760 --> 00:17:57,910
and we charged other groups I took a

454
00:18:02,340 --> 00:17:59,770
look at Drosophila melanogaster why not

455
00:18:03,690 --> 00:18:02,350
everyone else does and I had a little

456
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:03,700
bit of confusion there because they

457
00:18:06,330 --> 00:18:05,110
don't know what the binding protein is

458
00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:06,340
because they really don't have a

459
00:18:12,539 --> 00:18:08,650
pheromone but they have a pheromone

460
00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:12,549
binding protein related protein yeah we

461
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:14,890
love acronyms don't we as scientists so

462
00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:16,510
I don't quite know what they are but I

463
00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:18,250
analyzed them I wasn't getting any help

464
00:18:22,260 --> 00:18:18,730
there

465
00:18:24,390 --> 00:18:22,270
for me a regina calif or deer on the

466
00:18:26,539 --> 00:18:24,400
side of the road those maggots negative

467
00:18:29,580 --> 00:18:26,549
14 that's considered to be in the family

468
00:18:31,140 --> 00:18:29,590
cockroach here negative 3 and a thrips

469
00:18:33,810 --> 00:18:31,150
attacking your flowers coming at

470
00:18:35,510 --> 00:18:33,820
negative 10 again i'm in trouble they're

471
00:18:37,919 --> 00:18:35,520
not doing too well let us summarize

472
00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:37,929
pheromone binding protein charge summary

473
00:18:43,890 --> 00:18:40,929
we analyzed over 150 binding proteins

474
00:18:46,350 --> 00:18:43,900
but we only counted the proteins with a

475
00:18:48,450 --> 00:18:46,360
known signal peptide if we could not

476
00:18:53,789 --> 00:18:48,460
calculate the signal peptide we let it

477
00:18:55,470 --> 00:18:53,799
go of the 150 that we had nine percent

478
00:18:57,990 --> 00:18:55,480
of them were positive nine percent of

479
00:19:01,289 --> 00:18:58,000
them were neutral or zero and 82 percent

480
00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:01,299
were negatively charged PB peas as I

481
00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:03,100
said I'm competitive there's got to be

482
00:19:07,230 --> 00:19:04,570
something else going on here let me take

483
00:19:08,909 --> 00:19:07,240
a look at other binding proteins now

484
00:19:10,860 --> 00:19:08,919
there are the pheromone binding proteins

485
00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:10,870
which bind the pheromones there's also

486
00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:12,880
the odorant binding proteins which bind

487
00:19:17,820 --> 00:19:15,280
various odorants like plant odors I

488
00:19:20,669 --> 00:19:17,830
analyzed these two there's a lot more of

489
00:19:22,890 --> 00:19:20,679
them over 650 binding proteins were

490
00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:22,900
looked at only the odor and binding

491
00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:24,880
proteins and 1000 binding proteins and

492
00:19:30,480 --> 00:19:26,770
the general odor and binding proteins

493
00:19:34,950 --> 00:19:30,490
were used in this analysis but again I

494
00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:34,960
had 66% negatively charged 9% same as

495
00:19:40,220 --> 00:19:37,870
last time coming in at 0 and 25% coming

496
00:19:42,360 --> 00:19:40,230
in I was not getting consistent results

497
00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:42,370
and if I'm not getting consistent

498
00:19:46,890 --> 00:19:44,500
results I can't apply this to the

499
00:19:50,750 --> 00:19:46,900
original idea that I had of trying to

500
00:19:55,710 --> 00:19:50,760
speed up the process of diffusion via

501
00:19:57,690 --> 00:19:55,720
electrostatic attraction so in a sense

502
00:19:59,070 --> 00:19:57,700
you go back to the drawing board because

503
00:20:00,539 --> 00:19:59,080
there's a researcher you have to do this

504
00:20:02,770 --> 00:20:00,549
sometimes and you run up into roadblocks

505
00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:02,780
and as researchers are in

506
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:04,490
more roadblocks than I run into positive

507
00:20:14,260 --> 00:20:09,110
results so I go back and I read the

508
00:20:16,420 --> 00:20:14,270
paper by Kyle and he says which I missed

509
00:20:18,460 --> 00:20:16,430
the first time was I guess it wasn't

510
00:20:20,860 --> 00:20:18,470
important to me at the time but there

511
00:20:23,260 --> 00:20:20,870
are fixed negative charges present on

512
00:20:25,630 --> 00:20:23,270
the inner cuticle of the sin silly in

513
00:20:27,670 --> 00:20:25,640
addition to being on the dendritic

514
00:20:30,970 --> 00:20:27,680
membrane well this is interesting news

515
00:20:34,120 --> 00:20:30,980
to know this is very interesting news to

516
00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:34,130
know what does that mean let me show you

517
00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:37,970
we now have electrostatic repulsion with

518
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:40,690
my negatively charged binding proteins

519
00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:43,850
we've got negative charges on the inside

520
00:20:48,850 --> 00:20:46,490
of the cuticle we've got negative

521
00:20:51,670 --> 00:20:48,860
charges on the dendritic membrane my

522
00:20:53,590 --> 00:20:51,680
binding proteins are largely negative

523
00:20:59,770 --> 00:20:53,600
which means they're going to be repelled

524
00:21:01,930 --> 00:20:59,780
from both sides as a matter of fact

525
00:21:03,940 --> 00:21:01,940
they're gonna be repelled with one

526
00:21:05,350 --> 00:21:03,950
another they've got the same charges

527
00:21:08,050 --> 00:21:05,360
even if they're positively charged

528
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:08,060
they're still going to be repelled from

529
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:10,010
one another because of similar charges

530
00:21:14,890 --> 00:21:12,290
so I've got them being repelled from the

531
00:21:16,930 --> 00:21:14,900
sides this side that side I've got them

532
00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:16,940
being repelled from one another and so

533
00:21:21,970 --> 00:21:19,490
therefore we've set up this strange

534
00:21:24,540 --> 00:21:21,980
situation where instead of being able to

535
00:21:27,190 --> 00:21:24,550
travel or diffuse across the thin Siller

536
00:21:30,070 --> 00:21:27,200
I've now got all of this electrostatic

537
00:21:33,310 --> 00:21:30,080
repulsion going on which is now adding a

538
00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:33,320
certain amount of rigidity my fluid

539
00:21:38,860 --> 00:21:36,170
dynamics have changed I'm no longer

540
00:21:40,060 --> 00:21:38,870
dealing with a nice clean flowing water

541
00:21:41,470 --> 00:21:40,070
which is where all the diffusion

542
00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:41,480
coefficients are calculated from it's

543
00:21:45,820 --> 00:21:42,830
either air or water those are the only

544
00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:45,830
two we have now I've got this situation

545
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:47,600
a little bit rigid which makes sense

546
00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:48,710
because I was talking to a German

547
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:50,690
researcher who said that the inside of

548
00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:52,610
the sencilla is more like a gel than it

549
00:21:56,110 --> 00:21:54,290
is anything else I'm starting to agree

550
00:21:58,300 --> 00:21:56,120
with them now I had a conversation a few

551
00:22:00,940 --> 00:21:58,310
years ago because if you do not have

552
00:22:02,740 --> 00:22:00,950
movement then the pheromone binding

553
00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:02,750
protein is not going to be able to move

554
00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:04,700
to the inside imagine all these balloons

555
00:22:07,510 --> 00:22:06,320
getting in there you're not going to be

556
00:22:10,030 --> 00:22:07,520
able to get through all these balloons

557
00:22:12,130 --> 00:22:10,040
because of this rigidity right now which

558
00:22:14,140 --> 00:22:12,140
means diffusion has been compromised and

559
00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:14,150
I mean in a bad way which means the

560
00:22:16,210 --> 00:22:15,650
original diffusion coefficients that I

561
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:16,220
calculate

562
00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:18,770
for the 2009 presentation are now in a

563
00:22:21,669 --> 00:22:20,360
completely different scale when I say

564
00:22:23,860 --> 00:22:21,679
completely different scale I mean really

565
00:22:26,649 --> 00:22:23,870
really low for those of you involved in

566
00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:26,659
SDS page you know that in that gel you

567
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:28,850
will not get proteins moving through

568
00:22:34,120 --> 00:22:31,610
that gel unless you turn on the charges

569
00:22:35,409 --> 00:22:34,130
for those of you who dealt with SDS page

570
00:22:37,510 --> 00:22:35,419
before and if you've done enough of that

571
00:22:40,060 --> 00:22:37,520
then you know that every once in a while

572
00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:40,070
you forget to turn it on and so you come

573
00:22:43,419 --> 00:22:41,750
back and you analyze the gel with

574
00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:43,429
Coomassie brilliant blue and you realize

575
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:45,230
oh shoot they're all stuck at the top I

576
00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:47,120
forgot to turn it on the reason is

577
00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:49,970
because proteins do not easily diffuse

578
00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:54,770
through a gel well great now what do I

579
00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:55,570
do

580
00:22:59,680 --> 00:22:57,679
there's two philosophical implications

581
00:23:01,480 --> 00:22:59,690
with this either binding occurs the

582
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:01,490
pheromone gets to the dendritic membrane

583
00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:05,450
or doesn't one of the two it gets there

584
00:23:10,149 --> 00:23:06,320
or it does not

585
00:23:11,649 --> 00:23:10,159
if binding occurs technology has just

586
00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:11,659
not have found a way to show this yet

587
00:23:18,130 --> 00:23:14,330
that's the excuse I get when I go to

588
00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:18,140
conferences binding does not occur if

589
00:23:23,289 --> 00:23:20,840
that's the case then philosophically

590
00:23:27,610 --> 00:23:23,299
speaking detection of the pheromone must

591
00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:27,620
occur through some alternate means what

592
00:23:32,860 --> 00:23:31,400
is that alternate mean well there are

593
00:23:35,169 --> 00:23:32,870
two theories out there the lock and key

594
00:23:36,970 --> 00:23:35,179
model which most biologists are familiar

595
00:23:38,740 --> 00:23:36,980
with even non biologists I'm sure and

596
00:23:41,020 --> 00:23:38,750
then we have the vibrational Theory of

597
00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:41,030
odor which was brought out in 1930s by

598
00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:43,850
Dyson and has been resurrected a little

599
00:23:48,279 --> 00:23:47,000
bit today and so to take a look at the

600
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:48,289
vibrational theory of odor there are

601
00:23:51,370 --> 00:23:49,730
certain conditions that need to be met

602
00:23:54,490 --> 00:23:51,380
if we're dealing with an electromagnetic

603
00:23:56,590 --> 00:23:54,500
signal then conditions must be met I've

604
00:23:58,810 --> 00:23:56,600
got some if-then statements right now

605
00:24:01,149 --> 00:23:58,820
let's follow along if this is

606
00:24:03,340 --> 00:24:01,159
electromagnetic then the message from

607
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:03,350
the pheromone out here needs to get

608
00:24:08,890 --> 00:24:06,530
across the cuticle if this is

609
00:24:11,380 --> 00:24:08,900
electromagnetic then this message after

610
00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:11,390
it passes the cuticle must be able to

611
00:24:16,210 --> 00:24:13,940
pass through this entire watery matrix

612
00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:16,220
right there or this gel as I've just

613
00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:19,730
determined if this is an electromagnetic

614
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:22,490
message then I must figure out some way

615
00:24:26,409 --> 00:24:24,010
in order to activate this receptor

616
00:24:29,110 --> 00:24:26,419
without the pheromone actually making

617
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:29,120
contact with it those are my if-then

618
00:24:35,350 --> 00:24:30,110
statements if

619
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:35,360
this is occurring electromagnetically is

620
00:24:38,980 --> 00:24:36,710
there some way for me to satisfy these

621
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:38,990
conditions just take a look at some

622
00:24:45,490 --> 00:24:43,510
circumstantial evidence there's my first

623
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:45,500
actually forgot to put these numbers up

624
00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:48,110
and there's the second region and the

625
00:24:54,970 --> 00:24:53,090
third region for effect dielectric if

626
00:24:56,770 --> 00:24:54,980
this is acting as a dielectric antenna

627
00:24:58,930 --> 00:24:56,780
as phil callahan the mechanism that has

628
00:25:00,940 --> 00:24:58,940
been put forward is shown then a

629
00:25:04,299 --> 00:25:00,950
dielectric according to the definition

630
00:25:05,980 --> 00:25:04,309
needs to have dye means two electric

631
00:25:08,169 --> 00:25:05,990
means that we have separate electrical

632
00:25:11,740 --> 00:25:08,179
charges on either side of a non

633
00:25:14,590 --> 00:25:11,750
conducting material excuse me the

634
00:25:16,419 --> 00:25:14,600
conductive material passes electrons

635
00:25:18,130 --> 00:25:16,429
freely so you have positive and negative

636
00:25:19,870 --> 00:25:18,140
charges on both sides it's not

637
00:25:22,330 --> 00:25:19,880
maintained but a dielectric material

638
00:25:24,310 --> 00:25:22,340
that which is insulated is able to

639
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:24,320
maintain charges let's say positives on

640
00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:25,010
this side

641
00:25:31,299 --> 00:25:28,490
able to do that because of its

642
00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:31,309
dielectric properties a dielectric

643
00:25:35,110 --> 00:25:33,530
antenna is different than a conducting

644
00:25:36,789 --> 00:25:35,120
antenna although they can't pick up

645
00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:36,799
similar frequencies so if we're dealing

646
00:25:42,190 --> 00:25:39,890
with a dielectric antenna let me hit the

647
00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:42,200
literature again to see what I can find

648
00:25:46,570 --> 00:25:45,110
and there's not a whole lot of papers

649
00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:46,580
out there dealing in bio electro

650
00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:48,950
magnetics of insects but there are some

651
00:25:54,549 --> 00:25:52,370
so Ericsson back in 1975 I found found

652
00:25:56,350 --> 00:25:54,559
that the mean surface potential of

653
00:25:58,390 --> 00:25:56,360
honeybees varied throughout the daily

654
00:26:00,520 --> 00:25:58,400
flight period if the bees are leaving

655
00:26:04,590 --> 00:26:00,530
the hive they've got a surface charge

656
00:26:07,750 --> 00:26:04,600
between negative 14 millivolts to 8

657
00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:07,760
millivolts take-home message they're

658
00:26:11,650 --> 00:26:09,530
about zero a little bit positive a

659
00:26:14,020 --> 00:26:11,660
little bit negative after they're flying

660
00:26:16,180 --> 00:26:14,030
static charges are build up when the

661
00:26:21,250 --> 00:26:16,190
bees return from the hive they are

662
00:26:23,710 --> 00:26:21,260
universally positive they're between 13

663
00:26:25,419 --> 00:26:23,720
to 59 millivolts on the outside of their

664
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:25,429
body when they come back from the hive

665
00:26:30,039 --> 00:26:27,110
after flying through the air

666
00:26:33,070 --> 00:26:30,049
take-home message here I've got positive

667
00:26:34,450 --> 00:26:33,080
charges on the outside of the insect so

668
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:34,460
far so good that's something at least

669
00:26:39,549 --> 00:26:37,850
it's consistent remember this slide that

670
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:39,559
I talked about before I said that

671
00:26:43,930 --> 00:26:42,890
they're well not I said but Kyle said

672
00:26:46,570 --> 00:26:43,940
fixed negative charges

673
00:26:48,930 --> 00:26:46,580
present on the inner cuticle of the sin

674
00:26:52,539 --> 00:26:50,080
wonderful

675
00:26:54,909 --> 00:26:52,549
I've got positives on one side I've got

676
00:26:56,950 --> 00:26:54,919
negatives on the other I was able to

677
00:26:58,570 --> 00:26:56,960
satisfy and I'm not going to talk about

678
00:27:00,549 --> 00:26:58,580
the other properties of a dielectric

679
00:27:03,190 --> 00:27:00,559
antenna why because I've talked about

680
00:27:04,570 --> 00:27:03,200
this before at SSA meetings but I just

681
00:27:06,279 --> 00:27:04,580
want to talk about this new evidence

682
00:27:09,039 --> 00:27:06,289
right now I've satisfied another

683
00:27:11,799 --> 00:27:09,049
condition of a dielectric antenna on the

684
00:27:13,419 --> 00:27:11,809
actual sencilla itself now we've got the

685
00:27:15,730 --> 00:27:13,429
second part if I'm going to have an

686
00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:15,740
electromagnetic signal pass through a

687
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:17,440
watery matrix how am I going to do that

688
00:27:22,659 --> 00:27:19,730
well some of you will say well you can't

689
00:27:25,450 --> 00:27:22,669
do that through water because deionized

690
00:27:27,009 --> 00:27:25,460
water doesn't conduct and I would say

691
00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:27,019
yeah you're right it doesn't conduct

692
00:27:30,039 --> 00:27:27,950
what about water

693
00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:30,049
well waters a little more conductive it

694
00:27:34,450 --> 00:27:32,840
depends Tom upon the various impurities

695
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:34,460
that you have in there and you're right

696
00:27:38,639 --> 00:27:36,110
you can't get some conductivity of water

697
00:27:41,590 --> 00:27:38,649
but how can you make it more conductive

698
00:27:43,389 --> 00:27:41,600
take some salt take a salt shaker on top

699
00:27:45,159 --> 00:27:43,399
and start you know throw in the salt in

700
00:27:46,570 --> 00:27:45,169
and as you're putting more and more salt

701
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:46,580
into the solution you will find that

702
00:27:52,659 --> 00:27:49,970
will become more conductive so if I'm

703
00:27:55,029 --> 00:27:52,669
gonna have a conducting fluid do I have

704
00:27:58,450 --> 00:27:55,039
these salts present in fact I do

705
00:27:59,470 --> 00:27:58,460
I mean this is just classic biological

706
00:28:01,060 --> 00:27:59,480
principles you know the ringers

707
00:28:03,810 --> 00:28:01,070
solutions these are all salt solutions

708
00:28:06,249 --> 00:28:03,820
so we have all of the salts necessary

709
00:28:07,779 --> 00:28:06,259
calcium plus 2 magnesium sodium

710
00:28:09,909 --> 00:28:07,789
potassium hydrogen

711
00:28:12,340 --> 00:28:09,919
we've got chlorine and hydroxide ions

712
00:28:14,649 --> 00:28:12,350
those are some of the classics which are

713
00:28:18,159 --> 00:28:14,659
found inside is so what I do have a salt

714
00:28:21,430 --> 00:28:18,169
solution however I the more salt I put

715
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:21,440
in the more conductive it gets so how

716
00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:23,210
much salt can i stuff in this in order

717
00:28:28,090 --> 00:28:25,730
to make it conductive what additional

718
00:28:30,220 --> 00:28:28,100
charges can I put in here to make it

719
00:28:32,289 --> 00:28:30,230
more conductive than just a salt

720
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:32,299
solution which by the way will satisfy

721
00:28:37,210 --> 00:28:35,210
my conditions what about the binding

722
00:28:38,409 --> 00:28:37,220
proteins I just spent a whole bunch of

723
00:28:40,060 --> 00:28:38,419
slides telling you about what an

724
00:28:42,399 --> 00:28:40,070
incredible failure I was at determining

725
00:28:44,830 --> 00:28:42,409
the positive nature of the binding

726
00:28:47,970 --> 00:28:44,840
proteins but can I use these to my

727
00:28:51,549 --> 00:28:47,980
advantage now I've got these charges

728
00:28:53,919 --> 00:28:51,559
sitting in my supposedly conducting

729
00:28:55,419 --> 00:28:53,929
fluid now some of you might say well I

730
00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:55,429
understand what you're saying time but

731
00:28:57,520 --> 00:28:56,960
didn't you just say some of them are

732
00:29:00,820 --> 00:28:57,530
zero

733
00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:00,830
oh yes I did but remember even the ones

734
00:29:06,460 --> 00:29:03,650
that were zero had negative and positive

735
00:29:09,310 --> 00:29:06,470
charges on them as a matter of fact the

736
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:09,320
binding proteins are running between 30

737
00:29:16,540 --> 00:29:14,810
to 60 charges per molecule and the

738
00:29:20,470 --> 00:29:16,550
concentration of them is between 10 to

739
00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:20,480
20 mil americon tration lots of charges

740
00:29:28,180 --> 00:29:23,930
on them so I've got this the makings of

741
00:29:31,110 --> 00:29:28,190
a very conductive fluid especially if

742
00:29:33,850 --> 00:29:31,120
it's more of a solid so if I get a nice

743
00:29:35,260 --> 00:29:33,860
matrix effect I'm gonna have a little

744
00:29:36,370 --> 00:29:35,270
bit of a crystalline effect and

745
00:29:38,470 --> 00:29:36,380
therefore it's gonna be even more

746
00:29:39,910 --> 00:29:38,480
conductive so I'm feeling good about

747
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:39,920
this now let's move on to the third part

748
00:29:45,340 --> 00:29:42,110
what about the protein itself can the

749
00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:45,350
protein respond to an electromagnetic

750
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:50,920
what do we know about these proteins

751
00:29:56,620 --> 00:29:53,090
well originally they were determined to

752
00:29:59,080 --> 00:29:56,630
be seven transmembrane proteins and so a

753
00:30:01,210 --> 00:29:59,090
classic G PCR which was originally what

754
00:30:03,610 --> 00:30:01,220
we thought they were a g-protein coupled

755
00:30:07,030 --> 00:30:03,620
receptor and this that they're all in

756
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:07,040
the membrane of the phospholipid bilayer

757
00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:12,110
and the odorant receptors were

758
00:30:17,620 --> 00:30:14,690
originally placed in the Class A or

759
00:30:21,090 --> 00:30:17,630
class one rhodopsin like family of GPCRs

760
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:21,100
however they could not be placed in

761
00:30:29,230 --> 00:30:25,970
subfamily a1 subfamily a7 or subfamily

762
00:30:31,990 --> 00:30:29,240
a16 they were given their own category

763
00:30:33,490 --> 00:30:32,000
they could not be placed in any so they

764
00:30:36,390 --> 00:30:33,500
looked like they were in the Class A

765
00:30:39,220 --> 00:30:36,400
rhodopsin by the way just to remind you

766
00:30:42,670 --> 00:30:39,230
response to electromagnetic energy but

767
00:30:43,930 --> 00:30:42,680
it looked like it was close to this but

768
00:30:46,330 --> 00:30:43,940
they were placed separately they were

769
00:30:47,950 --> 00:30:46,340
not actually called subfamily 8:20

770
00:30:50,410 --> 00:30:47,960
because they weren't too sure about it

771
00:30:51,610 --> 00:30:50,420
but they were placed there so this is

772
00:30:54,070 --> 00:30:51,620
what it looks like we've got a seven

773
00:30:56,560 --> 00:30:54,080
transmembrane molecule this is what all

774
00:30:59,620 --> 00:30:56,570
of them look like there is no

775
00:31:03,970 --> 00:30:59,630
variability just in the past couple

776
00:31:07,690 --> 00:31:03,980
years analysis of the odorant I'm sorry

777
00:31:09,940 --> 00:31:07,700
the ordinate receptors have shown that

778
00:31:10,990 --> 00:31:09,950
it may be a seven transmembrane membrane

779
00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:11,000
protein but

780
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:17,330
it's backwards all GPCRs have the amino

781
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:21,110
end outside a carbon end on the inside

782
00:31:27,340 --> 00:31:25,010
the ends and the C's were switched all

783
00:31:30,669 --> 00:31:27,350
of the odorant receptors and insects are

784
00:31:31,870 --> 00:31:30,679
backwards every one even as I'm standing

785
00:31:33,070 --> 00:31:31,880
before you for those who are watching

786
00:31:35,860 --> 00:31:33,080
this video right now are still

787
00:31:38,380 --> 00:31:35,870
scratching their heads wondering why the

788
00:31:40,690 --> 00:31:38,390
insects have just made this exception

789
00:31:46,779 --> 00:31:40,700
they are the only ones with a backwards

790
00:31:49,570 --> 00:31:46,789
odorant receptor so I get attacked

791
00:31:51,549 --> 00:31:49,580
sometimes this happens and one of them

792
00:31:54,159 --> 00:31:51,559
is that you know Tom you're wrong

793
00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:54,169
because we've been able to show that the

794
00:31:59,020 --> 00:31:55,970
lock and key is valid because we deal

795
00:32:02,140 --> 00:31:59,030
with xena pessoa sites for you Nam

796
00:32:04,450 --> 00:32:02,150
biologists its frog eggs so what they do

797
00:32:07,029 --> 00:32:04,460
there's our classic frog right there

798
00:32:08,860 --> 00:32:07,039
xena pissed Lavis and they didn't use

799
00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:08,870
these a lot in in biological

800
00:32:12,850 --> 00:32:11,090
laboratories and those are the eggs off

801
00:32:15,399 --> 00:32:12,860
to the right and what they do is they

802
00:32:18,039 --> 00:32:15,409
express proteins in these xena pessoa

803
00:32:19,810 --> 00:32:18,049
sites and then they analyze them it's a

804
00:32:21,279 --> 00:32:19,820
rather simple it's an elegant system

805
00:32:24,100 --> 00:32:21,289
what they do is they inject it I think

806
00:32:27,310 --> 00:32:24,110
it's with C RNA and it takes about 2 or

807
00:32:29,860 --> 00:32:27,320
3 days for them to express the proteins

808
00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:29,870
in the actual membrane of the frog egg

809
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:32,030
and then you start testing the frog egg

810
00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:33,650
they actually start throwing odorants at

811
00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:35,240
it and looking to see if a response it's

812
00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:38,450
really kind of a neat system so they

813
00:32:41,950 --> 00:32:40,250
were able to do that they were able to

814
00:32:43,390 --> 00:32:41,960
take the odorant receptors now they did

815
00:32:45,460 --> 00:32:43,400
have to have the dimer because there are

816
00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:45,470
two proteins involved there's an O r83 B

817
00:32:49,779 --> 00:32:47,330
which is a co-receptor

818
00:32:52,330 --> 00:32:49,789
and similar to it which have just

819
00:32:54,850 --> 00:32:52,340
recently been called Orko's for odorant

820
00:32:56,950 --> 00:32:54,860
receptor co-receptors and these Orko's

821
00:32:59,740 --> 00:32:56,960
in addition to being expressed with the

822
00:33:02,590 --> 00:32:59,750
ordinate receptor now give a certain

823
00:33:04,750 --> 00:33:02,600
amount of activity to the frog eggs when

824
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:04,760
you hit them with an odorant therefore

825
00:33:09,490 --> 00:33:07,730
Tom you are wrong because we've got the

826
00:33:11,860 --> 00:33:09,500
odorant we put it in this artificial

827
00:33:13,570 --> 00:33:11,870
system and we get a response from a frog

828
00:33:18,820 --> 00:33:13,580
egg and all we're doing is expressing

829
00:33:21,279 --> 00:33:18,830
the the protein and so that is some

830
00:33:22,870 --> 00:33:21,289
convincing evidence to be sure and so I

831
00:33:23,890 --> 00:33:22,880
turn to some of the individuals and I

832
00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:23,900
said well did you

833
00:33:29,050 --> 00:33:26,930
to a bush contact and so what do you

834
00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:29,060
mean contact I said did you establish

835
00:33:33,490 --> 00:33:31,490
contact between the pheromone and the

836
00:33:35,590 --> 00:33:33,500
receptor I understand it was expressed I

837
00:33:37,390 --> 00:33:35,600
get that I understand you exposed the

838
00:33:39,850 --> 00:33:37,400
odorant the appropriate odorant I get

839
00:33:43,540 --> 00:33:39,860
that too did you show contact between

840
00:33:45,850 --> 00:33:43,550
the pheromone well yeah I mean how else

841
00:33:49,150 --> 00:33:45,860
did it happen and maybe we put it there

842
00:33:51,850 --> 00:33:49,160
we got a reaction a depolarization so of

843
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:51,860
course it contacted us said what process

844
00:33:55,780 --> 00:33:54,050
did you use to show contact how do you

845
00:33:57,940 --> 00:33:55,790
know that they made contact the person

846
00:34:05,550 --> 00:33:57,950
one of the persons got frustrated at me

847
00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:08,800
touching

848
00:34:14,659 --> 00:34:11,960
follow along my two hands are separated

849
00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:14,669
I bring them together they're now

850
00:34:21,430 --> 00:34:17,970
touching that to me is contact that's

851
00:34:25,820 --> 00:34:21,440
how I define contact was contact shown

852
00:34:29,060 --> 00:34:25,830
that conversation ended by the way so no

853
00:34:30,350 --> 00:34:29,070
contact was shown but what did was shown

854
00:34:32,630 --> 00:34:30,360
even though it's not the same reaction

855
00:34:37,490 --> 00:34:32,640
we're not getting clear spikes we did

856
00:34:39,740 --> 00:34:37,500
have activation the odorant and the

857
00:34:41,570 --> 00:34:39,750
odered receptor we got activation in the

858
00:34:44,240 --> 00:34:41,580
Frog oocyte so how was it being

859
00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:44,250
activated we not sure if contact was

860
00:34:49,130 --> 00:34:47,460
made it might have been as I'm standing

861
00:34:52,790 --> 00:34:49,140
here right now in 2012 it might have

862
00:34:55,610 --> 00:34:52,800
been but it just wasn't shown and by the

863
00:35:00,140 --> 00:34:55,620
way this system only worked in a salt

864
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:00,150
solution moving on to another study that

865
00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:01,410
I found take a look at the with the

866
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:03,530
Japanese researchers bit did back in

867
00:35:09,290 --> 00:35:06,810
1985 evidence for non receptor odor

868
00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:09,300
discrimination using neuroblastoma cells

869
00:35:14,540 --> 00:35:12,480
as a model for a olfactory cells so

870
00:35:17,150 --> 00:35:14,550
we've got a model situation a very

871
00:35:20,270 --> 00:35:17,160
unnatural situation the excerpt from the

872
00:35:22,220 --> 00:35:20,280
abstract the mouse neuroblastoma cell

873
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:22,230
which is independent of an olfactory

874
00:35:28,490 --> 00:35:25,310
cell was depolarized by 20 different

875
00:35:30,470 --> 00:35:28,500
odorants examined suggesting that

876
00:35:33,020 --> 00:35:30,480
specific proteins are not required for

877
00:35:35,870 --> 00:35:33,030
reception of odorants well this is kind

878
00:35:37,490 --> 00:35:35,880
of big because lock-and-key says that if

879
00:35:42,020 --> 00:35:37,500
you've got an odorant you need to have a

880
00:35:44,870 --> 00:35:42,030
very very specific odorant receptor it's

881
00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:44,880
lock and key after all and because it's

882
00:35:48,350 --> 00:35:46,500
locked in key it has to be specific I

883
00:35:50,420 --> 00:35:48,360
mean you change one small thing on an

884
00:35:54,050 --> 00:35:50,430
insect pheromone and you will change its

885
00:36:01,450 --> 00:35:54,060
receptivity forever so it is very

886
00:36:09,110 --> 00:36:04,070
let's get even a little bit simpler the

887
00:36:11,330 --> 00:36:09,120
frog eggs is a living entity but what if

888
00:36:13,550 --> 00:36:11,340
we can simplify the system even more so

889
00:36:15,170 --> 00:36:13,560
here we have a phospholipid bilayer the

890
00:36:17,450 --> 00:36:15,180
hydrophobic ends on the inside the

891
00:36:18,980 --> 00:36:17,460
hydrophilic sends on the outside most of

892
00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:18,990
you I think are aware of how all

893
00:36:24,300 --> 00:36:21,550
membranes are set up

894
00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:24,310
we can make these called liposomes and

895
00:36:30,180 --> 00:36:26,290
what these are is these are just a

896
00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:30,190
phospholipid bilayer and that's it what

897
00:36:33,990 --> 00:36:31,360
do you mean that's it Tom is there

898
00:36:35,910 --> 00:36:34,000
anything inside no is there DNA no

899
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:35,920
there's there RNA no is there a nuclear

900
00:36:39,510 --> 00:36:37,510
membrane no there's not that either

901
00:36:42,150 --> 00:36:39,520
what about endoplasmic reticulum no

902
00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:42,160
mitochondria no is there anything inside

903
00:36:47,460 --> 00:36:43,930
no there's nothing inside it's just a

904
00:36:47,940 --> 00:36:47,470
phospholipid bilayer so what do you do

905
00:36:52,260 --> 00:36:47,950
with it

906
00:36:53,820 --> 00:36:52,270
I'll tell you here's the phospholipid

907
00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:53,830
bilayer I've blown it up right now we've

908
00:36:59,040 --> 00:36:55,570
got the two layers right there and you

909
00:37:01,440 --> 00:36:59,050
can insert membrane proteins into it

910
00:37:02,910 --> 00:37:01,450
well this is a nice simple system at

911
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:02,920
least I don't deal with a frog right now

912
00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:06,010
so we get these liposomes you insert the

913
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:08,290
the membrane protein in there and you

914
00:37:14,550 --> 00:37:12,490
can also play around with them so what

915
00:37:16,710 --> 00:37:14,560
do we have if we insert a membrane-bound

916
00:37:18,990 --> 00:37:16,720
protein into a liposome we create what

917
00:37:20,460 --> 00:37:19,000
is known as a pro do liposome I think

918
00:37:23,310 --> 00:37:20,470
you can understand the word derivation

919
00:37:28,740 --> 00:37:23,320
for that so if we have an insect o R and

920
00:37:30,540 --> 00:37:28,750
we then place through means all of these

921
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:30,550
membrane bound proteins into it we can

922
00:37:35,010 --> 00:37:33,490
now test the liposome for its activity

923
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:35,020
two different odorants a much simpler

924
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:37,210
system than even the frog eggs what do

925
00:37:42,630 --> 00:37:40,810
we get we get activation so we express

926
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:42,640
it in a liposome and we get activation

927
00:37:47,580 --> 00:37:44,410
which is a type of depolarization it's a

928
00:37:49,770 --> 00:37:47,590
subtle signal not quite the same by far

929
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:49,780
as an in vivo situation but we're

930
00:37:57,240 --> 00:37:51,370
getting a reaction from it that's

931
00:37:59,190 --> 00:37:57,250
telling what about a random protein just

932
00:38:00,270 --> 00:37:59,200
got finished with that 1985 paper said

933
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:00,280
they don't even using the right odor

934
00:38:03,750 --> 00:38:01,930
receptors and they got response what if

935
00:38:06,030 --> 00:38:03,760
I don't have random protein what would

936
00:38:08,370 --> 00:38:06,040
happen if I took a random protein and

937
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:08,380
then put that in the liposome and then

938
00:38:13,110 --> 00:38:10,510
tested an odorant that we would assume

939
00:38:15,810 --> 00:38:13,120
is nowhere near related to it what would

940
00:38:19,710 --> 00:38:15,820
happen we would get a reaction as well

941
00:38:25,140 --> 00:38:19,720
why it's lock and key what's going on

942
00:38:30,420 --> 00:38:25,150
these odorants are they locking into

943
00:38:32,580 --> 00:38:30,430
every single protein that we give it no

944
00:38:34,770 --> 00:38:32,590
more in Kurihara in 1987 taking a look

945
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:34,780
at liposomes as a model for all factory

946
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:35,050
cell

947
00:38:39,330 --> 00:38:36,970
various odorants were found to

948
00:38:42,390 --> 00:38:39,340
depolarize and he's a particular type of

949
00:38:44,670 --> 00:38:42,400
liposomes as electon liposomes beautiful

950
00:38:46,830 --> 00:38:44,680
interesting stuff the lipid composition

951
00:38:48,240 --> 00:38:46,840
of the liposomes is one of the factors

952
00:38:50,550 --> 00:38:48,250
that controls the sensitivity to

953
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:50,560
deodorants that makes sense to you

954
00:38:55,410 --> 00:38:52,210
change the phospholipid by a letter you

955
00:38:57,510 --> 00:38:55,420
change the properties three odorants

956
00:38:59,790 --> 00:38:57,520
change the membrane fluidity of the

957
00:39:03,540 --> 00:38:59,800
liposomes what does that mean the

958
00:39:07,110 --> 00:39:03,550
membrane fluidity is that it's it has

959
00:39:08,670 --> 00:39:07,120
become D structured shall we say why

960
00:39:11,190 --> 00:39:08,680
this is actually important because

961
00:39:15,510 --> 00:39:11,200
anytime you depolarize something you

962
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:15,520
cause leakage leakage what do you mean

963
00:39:19,290 --> 00:39:17,110
leakage time you mean cell is leaking

964
00:39:22,650 --> 00:39:19,300
yes that's how all depolarizations occur

965
00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:22,660
ions leaked into the cell through an ion

966
00:39:26,870 --> 00:39:25,180
channel this leakage is necessary and

967
00:39:29,190 --> 00:39:26,880
part of this leakage is dependent upon

968
00:39:30,750 --> 00:39:29,200
destabilizing the membrane this is

969
00:39:33,330 --> 00:39:30,760
actually one of the prerequisites and

970
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:33,340
was known back in 87 is that when you

971
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:34,930
change the membrane fluidity of the

972
00:39:41,010 --> 00:39:37,930
liposomes you are now creating a sort of

973
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:41,020
activation and finally the membrane

974
00:39:47,490 --> 00:39:43,930
fluidity was changed in concentration

975
00:39:49,530 --> 00:39:47,500
ranges of odorants similar to those were

976
00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:49,540
the membrane potential changes in a

977
00:39:54,750 --> 00:39:52,090
regular in vivo situation so it turns

978
00:39:57,060 --> 00:39:54,760
out that this is relatively accurate not

979
00:40:00,050 --> 00:39:57,070
too bad to work with two years later the

980
00:40:02,550 --> 00:40:00,060
same guys came up with another study

981
00:40:04,470 --> 00:40:02,560
their responses to or Durance and these

982
00:40:08,460 --> 00:40:04,480
lipo stones diminished at low

983
00:40:10,710 --> 00:40:08,470
concentrations of salts and recovered

984
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:10,720
upon addition of salts to the

985
00:40:13,560 --> 00:40:11,920
stimulating solution

986
00:40:16,470 --> 00:40:13,570
I mentioned that salts were necessary

987
00:40:17,820 --> 00:40:16,480
for the Frog eggs this didn't really

988
00:40:19,260 --> 00:40:17,830
ruffle any feathers because people

989
00:40:22,620 --> 00:40:19,270
figure well it's a frog egg it needs to

990
00:40:23,910 --> 00:40:22,630
have some sort of ringers solution for

991
00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:23,920
it to work but the lipo stones don't

992
00:40:27,240 --> 00:40:25,240
need that I mean it's essentially just a

993
00:40:29,220 --> 00:40:27,250
dead phospholipid bilayer so you take

994
00:40:31,380 --> 00:40:29,230
away the salts you lose the effect why

995
00:40:33,570 --> 00:40:31,390
if it's lock and key what would the

996
00:40:36,150 --> 00:40:33,580
salts have to do with it why does the

997
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:36,160
addition of salts bring it back as soon

998
00:40:43,560 --> 00:40:40,930
as you get removed them they also found

999
00:40:46,350 --> 00:40:43,570
that divalent cations divalent meaning

1000
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:46,360
two were effective in supporting the

1001
00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:48,290
responses to odorants that much lower

1002
00:40:54,670 --> 00:40:51,890
sensations then mono valent cations one

1003
00:40:58,180 --> 00:40:54,680
one positive charge versus two positive

1004
00:41:00,610 --> 00:40:58,190
charge you see here the divalent cations

1005
00:41:03,550 --> 00:41:00,620
supported it at much lower

1006
00:41:06,760 --> 00:41:03,560
concentrations they increased the

1007
00:41:12,550 --> 00:41:06,770
sensitivity so when you increased the

1008
00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:12,560
charges of the in vitro situation you

1009
00:41:20,110 --> 00:41:14,960
increased its ability to detect the

1010
00:41:22,090 --> 00:41:20,120
odorant the next step was obviously as

1011
00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:22,100
well we've got ions going in and out I

1012
00:41:25,540 --> 00:41:23,330
mean the whole leakage thing you know

1013
00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:25,550
calcium influx this is how neurobiology

1014
00:41:33,330 --> 00:41:29,660
works what if we used impermeable

1015
00:41:35,950 --> 00:41:33,340
organic cations so we got those charges

1016
00:41:38,110 --> 00:41:35,960
which I'm suggesting are important but

1017
00:41:40,930 --> 00:41:38,120
they're impermeable so they can't get

1018
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:40,940
inside the liposome which means they

1019
00:41:46,780 --> 00:41:44,210
can't be causing the depolarization

1020
00:41:49,330 --> 00:41:46,790
effect when they used impermeable

1021
00:41:52,990 --> 00:41:49,340
organic cations they were effective in

1022
00:41:55,630 --> 00:41:53,000
supporting the responses as well so the

1023
00:41:58,060 --> 00:41:55,640
response is not based upon an influx of

1024
00:42:00,640 --> 00:41:58,070
calcium ions you simply need to have the

1025
00:42:05,260 --> 00:42:00,650
charges on the outside in order for the

1026
00:42:07,090 --> 00:42:05,270
system to work and let's say this one is

1027
00:42:08,320 --> 00:42:07,100
nineteen ninety again Japanese

1028
00:42:10,710 --> 00:42:08,330
researchers I guess they're playing a

1029
00:42:14,530 --> 00:42:10,720
lot with liposomes over there in Japan

1030
00:42:16,540 --> 00:42:14,540
hate to talk to you about that we've got

1031
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:16,550
some proteins right there and they were

1032
00:42:21,220 --> 00:42:18,410
able to show this effect as I told you

1033
00:42:24,190 --> 00:42:21,230
before but what if we took some of those

1034
00:42:26,740 --> 00:42:24,200
same proteins and got a little more

1035
00:42:29,020 --> 00:42:26,750
complicated well instead of having one

1036
00:42:30,940 --> 00:42:29,030
odorant receptor we had a whole bunch of

1037
00:42:32,650 --> 00:42:30,950
different proteins what happens then I

1038
00:42:35,110 --> 00:42:32,660
actually found out the Japanese

1039
00:42:38,650 --> 00:42:35,120
researchers that the more complex you

1040
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:38,660
get the better they get at detecting

1041
00:42:45,250 --> 00:42:41,810
odorants how good in this study they use

1042
00:42:49,090 --> 00:42:45,260
12 different odorants the liposome this

1043
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:49,100
dead Maalik molecule this i don't even

1044
00:42:52,270 --> 00:42:50,210
know what you want to call let's just

1045
00:42:54,370 --> 00:42:52,280
call it a liposome this liposome this

1046
00:42:56,020 --> 00:42:54,380
non living entity is responding to 12

1047
00:42:58,990 --> 00:42:56,030
different odorants that it hit it and

1048
00:43:01,940 --> 00:42:59,000
they were consistent odorant number

1049
00:43:04,460 --> 00:43:01,950
three was giving exactly the same

1050
00:43:06,589 --> 00:43:04,470
responds every single time to the point

1051
00:43:08,329 --> 00:43:06,599
where at the end of the study they could

1052
00:43:10,160 --> 00:43:08,339
tell which of the 12 ordinances was

1053
00:43:12,380 --> 00:43:10,170
based upon the response that they got to

1054
00:43:15,170 --> 00:43:12,390
the liposome and to answer your own

1055
00:43:17,089 --> 00:43:15,180
asked question no none of these proteins

1056
00:43:20,290 --> 00:43:17,099
that were used were classic odorant

1057
00:43:22,510 --> 00:43:20,300
receptors just random proteins

1058
00:43:24,609 --> 00:43:22,520
well this then moves on to some other

1059
00:43:29,930 --> 00:43:24,619
possibilities I mean if deed if this

1060
00:43:32,270 --> 00:43:29,940
conducting fluid is important then where

1061
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:32,280
to go from here so I got a chance to

1062
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:37,710
talk to a researcher at Georgia who does

1063
00:43:41,300 --> 00:43:39,210
work on decoupage decapod so our

1064
00:43:44,089 --> 00:43:41,310
lobsters crabs shrimp 10 legs

1065
00:43:47,180 --> 00:43:44,099
crustaceans and I was chatting with them

1066
00:43:50,599 --> 00:43:47,190
one time about the the sensory cells the

1067
00:43:53,060 --> 00:43:50,609
8th the tasks and they mentioned to me

1068
00:43:55,010 --> 00:43:53,070
that there's a way in order to make them

1069
00:43:56,750 --> 00:43:55,020
a NAS m'q which means they can't smell

1070
00:44:02,020 --> 00:43:56,760
and I said well how does that work he

1071
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:02,030
goes you flush them with fresh water and

1072
00:44:06,470 --> 00:44:05,910
I thought and I said fresh water you're

1073
00:44:09,020 --> 00:44:06,480
kidding

1074
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:09,030
I said does anybody else know about this

1075
00:44:13,339 --> 00:44:10,530
you know think it was such a big secret

1076
00:44:13,640 --> 00:44:13,349
it goes oh yeah we all do it you all do

1077
00:44:26,089 --> 00:44:13,650
it

1078
00:44:27,230 --> 00:44:26,099
take and he said at least 45 minutes so

1079
00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:27,240
we do that to kind of clear them out

1080
00:44:31,099 --> 00:44:28,650
it's kind of like a control type thing

1081
00:44:33,230 --> 00:44:31,109
and then once the the saline solution

1082
00:44:35,720 --> 00:44:33,240
because lobsters live in the ocean and

1083
00:44:37,190 --> 00:44:35,730
marine environment the the salt solution

1084
00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:37,200
gets back in there and everything is all

1085
00:44:40,220 --> 00:44:37,770
fine

1086
00:44:41,510 --> 00:44:40,230
and I thought really that's interesting

1087
00:44:43,490 --> 00:44:41,520
so I got a chance to talk to another

1088
00:44:45,740 --> 00:44:43,500
researcher also dealing with this issue

1089
00:44:47,420 --> 00:44:45,750
at the University of Florida and we were

1090
00:44:49,130 --> 00:44:47,430
chatting about blue crabs because blue

1091
00:44:52,099 --> 00:44:49,140
crabs are able to survive in a marine

1092
00:44:54,410 --> 00:44:52,109
environment salt and a freshwater

1093
00:44:57,020 --> 00:44:54,420
environment because they migrate they

1094
00:44:58,550 --> 00:44:57,030
could do both so I said well what

1095
00:45:00,740 --> 00:44:58,560
happens with the since Hilary cells and

1096
00:45:05,660 --> 00:45:00,750
and again just very quick off-the-cuff

1097
00:45:07,190 --> 00:45:05,670
it goes well they've got this salt

1098
00:45:09,380 --> 00:45:07,200
solution that they kind of move in and

1099
00:45:12,079 --> 00:45:09,390
out of the cell and the sensory cell at

1100
00:45:13,579 --> 00:45:12,089
will so as they're moving from the

1101
00:45:15,230 --> 00:45:13,589
marine environment up through the Great

1102
00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:15,240
Lakes for example

1103
00:45:19,910 --> 00:45:17,490
the actual change of the micro

1104
00:45:23,150 --> 00:45:19,920
environment inside the sensory cells is

1105
00:45:25,130 --> 00:45:23,160
actively changed by the blue-crab and

1106
00:45:27,260 --> 00:45:25,140
there's Gleason's paper in 2000

1107
00:45:29,660 --> 00:45:27,270
attesting to that effect I thought wow

1108
00:45:31,130 --> 00:45:29,670
this is really interesting too I mean

1109
00:45:32,839 --> 00:45:31,140
I'm an insect guy I don't usually deal

1110
00:45:34,460 --> 00:45:32,849
with decoupage but in this case I'll

1111
00:45:36,349 --> 00:45:34,470
take a look at this because there are

1112
00:45:38,750 --> 00:45:36,359
some similarities and differences

1113
00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:38,760
between the decapod sensory cells and

1114
00:45:42,770 --> 00:45:40,890
the insects sensory cells well taking

1115
00:45:44,810 --> 00:45:42,780
this idea then we should be able to come

1116
00:45:46,579 --> 00:45:44,820
to some conclusions I mean if this salt

1117
00:45:48,560 --> 00:45:46,589
solution is important supposedly as a

1118
00:45:51,410 --> 00:45:48,570
conducting fluid then we should be able

1119
00:45:54,829 --> 00:45:51,420
to come up with some if-then statements

1120
00:45:57,010 --> 00:45:54,839
if this is true then terrestrial insects

1121
00:46:01,280 --> 00:45:57,020
need to have this salt solution

1122
00:46:03,349 --> 00:46:01,290
therefore we've got the pores and there

1123
00:46:05,660 --> 00:46:03,359
shouldn't be a problem because it's in

1124
00:46:07,370 --> 00:46:05,670
air therefore I would expect them to

1125
00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:07,380
have the pores and that they would have

1126
00:46:11,450 --> 00:46:09,210
this micro environment of the salts and

1127
00:46:13,609 --> 00:46:11,460
they do there they do have pores in the

1128
00:46:15,829 --> 00:46:13,619
olfactory sense silly crustaceans

1129
00:46:17,870 --> 00:46:15,839
what about crustaceans can they have the

1130
00:46:19,430 --> 00:46:17,880
pores some might say well no because you

1131
00:46:20,510 --> 00:46:19,440
know everything would be leaking I was

1132
00:46:22,190 --> 00:46:20,520
like well I really want to be that bad

1133
00:46:24,079 --> 00:46:22,200
because the crustaceans are in a marine

1134
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:24,089
environment and if they're in a marine

1135
00:46:27,920 --> 00:46:25,770
environment the salt solution is it's

1136
00:46:30,470 --> 00:46:27,930
getting in through the pores is still

1137
00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:30,480
going to be able to allow this to occur

1138
00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:31,980
that's not going to be a problem at all

1139
00:46:35,390 --> 00:46:34,890
so they do have pores in noël factories

1140
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:35,400
in silly

1141
00:46:39,849 --> 00:46:37,710
what about aquatic insects insects are

1142
00:46:43,609 --> 00:46:39,859
not found in a marine environment

1143
00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:43,619
they're in freshwater what then there's

1144
00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:45,930
a curious thing of the what aquatic

1145
00:46:50,480 --> 00:46:47,970
insects had to go searching for this no

1146
00:46:53,030 --> 00:46:50,490
one really knows why but aquatic insects

1147
00:46:55,190 --> 00:46:53,040
do not have pores in their sencilla it's

1148
00:46:57,280 --> 00:46:55,200
just not there so therefore they're able

1149
00:47:00,320 --> 00:46:57,290
to maintain that micro environment and

1150
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:00,330
is same aquatic insects once they come

1151
00:47:03,829 --> 00:47:02,010
out of the water like dragonflies stone

1152
00:47:08,109 --> 00:47:03,839
flies mayflies they come out and they're

1153
00:47:12,680 --> 00:47:10,880
so this is what's going on this is

1154
00:47:14,570 --> 00:47:12,690
what's going on there is some suggestion

1155
00:47:16,940 --> 00:47:14,580
right now some circumstantial evidence

1156
00:47:20,270 --> 00:47:16,950
new evidence that I'm supporting right

1157
00:47:22,089 --> 00:47:20,280
now to show that indeed we may have this

1158
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:22,099
system actually occurring an

1159
00:47:26,839 --> 00:47:24,510
electromagnetic detection based upon

1160
00:47:28,090 --> 00:47:26,849
sound physical laws that could be

1161
00:47:39,850 --> 00:47:28,100
occurring in the end

1162
00:47:40,720 --> 00:47:39,860
sex and with that I am done time for a

1163
00:47:42,940 --> 00:47:40,730
few questions

1164
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:42,950
Roger can you put the microphone over

1165
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:49,910
there thank you this picture was also

1166
00:47:55,630 --> 00:47:52,610
taken a couple days ago she sent me two

1167
00:47:58,000 --> 00:47:55,640
pictures I had to choose I couldn't

1168
00:48:01,750 --> 00:47:58,010
choose go ahead

1169
00:48:05,890 --> 00:48:01,760
nice picture my name is Larissa Karen

1170
00:48:08,410 --> 00:48:05,900
and I want you to elaborate a little bit

1171
00:48:12,930 --> 00:48:08,420
of the poll on the possibility that the

1172
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:12,940
olfactory mechanism is based on quantum

1173
00:48:23,740 --> 00:48:19,510
effect because they are not enough

1174
00:48:28,360 --> 00:48:23,750
protein conformational changes to

1175
00:48:31,230 --> 00:48:28,370
explain the large number of smells we

1176
00:48:34,450 --> 00:48:31,240
can recognize at least in human

1177
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:34,460
olfactory system yes that's actually

1178
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:36,410
gonna be outside my area of expertise

1179
00:48:39,790 --> 00:48:37,610
she's actually bringing out at the point

1180
00:48:41,890 --> 00:48:39,800
I think about the electron tunneling

1181
00:48:45,970 --> 00:48:41,900
theory that Luca Turin has come up with

1182
00:48:47,950 --> 00:48:45,980
there is more of a physical effect it

1183
00:48:50,230 --> 00:48:47,960
does not seem to be occurring with our

1184
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:50,240
system because with his effect you have

1185
00:48:53,770 --> 00:48:51,890
to be between two plates for electron

1186
00:48:55,510 --> 00:48:53,780
tunneling to occur and it's through this

1187
00:48:58,060 --> 00:48:55,520
process that it is a quantum type of

1188
00:49:00,070 --> 00:48:58,070
effect whereas with this system because

1189
00:49:01,810 --> 00:49:00,080
it's occurring at a distance the

1190
00:49:04,780 --> 00:49:01,820
evidence to me seems to be more

1191
00:49:07,480 --> 00:49:04,790
electromagnetic than a pure quantum

1192
00:49:10,810 --> 00:49:07,490
effect so I would differentiate between

1193
00:49:12,490 --> 00:49:10,820
the two theories and suggest because I'm

1194
00:49:14,770 --> 00:49:12,500
not able to elaborate mostly so I'm

1195
00:49:15,610 --> 00:49:14,780
trying to dodge the question is that I

1196
00:49:16,870 --> 00:49:15,620
would think it would be more

1197
00:49:18,370 --> 00:49:16,880
electromagnetic and therefore we're

1198
00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:18,380
probably dealing with more of a wave

1199
00:49:23,140 --> 00:49:20,570
phenomena than we are with the quantum

1200
00:49:24,310 --> 00:49:23,150
type of phenomena although I still could

1201
00:49:30,780 --> 00:49:24,320
be wrong the jury's still out

1202
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:30,790
thank you York Dobyns here you've been

1203
00:49:35,890 --> 00:49:33,710
challenging the paradigm for insect

1204
00:49:37,780 --> 00:49:35,900
olfaction for quite some time and in

1205
00:49:39,160 --> 00:49:37,790
this talk you just pointed out that

1206
00:49:39,730 --> 00:49:39,170
there's evidence for the same thing

1207
00:49:43,780 --> 00:49:39,740
going on

1208
00:49:46,930 --> 00:49:43,790
in other arthropods do you think that

1209
00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:46,940
there might be a similar challenge to

1210
00:49:53,370 --> 00:49:48,650
the lock and key model of olfaction

1211
00:49:59,170 --> 00:49:57,099
absolutely as a matter of fact am I able

1212
00:50:02,020 --> 00:49:59,180
to stop my answer with just that one

1213
00:50:04,570 --> 00:50:02,030
word because obviously I don't have

1214
00:50:07,359 --> 00:50:04,580
enough time to go into it but York thank

1215
00:50:10,170 --> 00:50:07,369
you for the question yes the answer is

1216
00:50:15,760 --> 00:50:13,240
Glenn Rhine and the question well first

1217
00:50:17,320 --> 00:50:15,770
the comment are you aware of ross ats

1218
00:50:19,390 --> 00:50:17,330
work back in the 80s where he

1219
00:50:22,030 --> 00:50:19,400
demonstrated that electromagnetic fields

1220
00:50:24,579 --> 00:50:22,040
affect membrane fluidity in neuronal

1221
00:50:26,020 --> 00:50:24,589
cells and are there other similar

1222
00:50:29,050 --> 00:50:26,030
studies that have been done with

1223
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:29,060
olfaction using physical electromagnetic

1224
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:30,710
fields to alter the processes you've

1225
00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:32,510
talked about well actually you've just

1226
00:50:38,740 --> 00:50:34,490
brought one up right now but to answer

1227
00:50:41,320 --> 00:50:38,750
your question for insects No yeah

1228
00:50:43,570 --> 00:50:41,330
for insects no but Ross's research and

1229
00:50:44,920 --> 00:50:43,580
others yes I mean you can play games

1230
00:50:47,260 --> 00:50:44,930
with electro magnetics and get the

1231
00:50:48,730 --> 00:50:47,270
responses however this can is usually

1232
00:50:50,079 --> 00:50:48,740
kind of scoffed at and like well you

1233
00:50:51,460 --> 00:50:50,089
know of course there's membrane

1234
00:50:52,690 --> 00:50:51,470
potentials and you're probably just

1235
00:50:54,670 --> 00:50:52,700
doing something really weird to it

1236
00:50:56,530 --> 00:50:54,680
something unnatural whereas you and I

1237
00:50:57,730 --> 00:50:56,540
might be saying oh no I don't think this

1238
00:50:59,790 --> 00:50:57,740
is unnatural at all I think there may

1239
00:51:02,079 --> 00:50:59,800
actually be something to it but

1240
00:51:05,349 --> 00:51:02,089
absolutely yes I am aware that there is

1241
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:05,359
other research out there but I tend and

1242
00:51:08,770 --> 00:51:07,310
this may be a mistake of mine I tend to

1243
00:51:11,230 --> 00:51:08,780
stick with the entomological research

1244
00:51:13,390 --> 00:51:11,240
why because it's more convincing to the

1245
00:51:16,180 --> 00:51:13,400
entomologist so if you go too far away

1246
00:51:17,940 --> 00:51:16,190
from bugs people catch you and say well

1247
00:51:20,050 --> 00:51:17,950
you know I don't read that literature so

1248
00:51:21,930 --> 00:51:20,060
essentially you're discounted and you

1249
00:51:23,740 --> 00:51:21,940
really can't go anywhere but to bring in

1250
00:51:24,970 --> 00:51:23,750
decapod crustacean x'

1251
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:24,980
because they're so close to their

1252
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:26,960
arthropods they've got many strong

1253
00:51:30,730 --> 00:51:29,210
similarities between the thus in cilia

1254
00:51:33,579 --> 00:51:30,740
of insects and the eighth's the tasks of

1255
00:51:35,109 --> 00:51:33,589
the decapod crustacean x' then I think

1256
00:51:37,780 --> 00:51:35,119
that's a valid comparison to make and it

1257
00:51:39,880 --> 00:51:37,790
was a welcomed one too because I didn't

1258
00:51:41,920 --> 00:51:39,890
expect a similarity to occur it just

1259
00:51:43,030 --> 00:51:41,930
kind of fell in my lap I decided to go

1260
00:51:45,160 --> 00:51:43,040
with it and that's why I threw up a

1261
00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:45,170
couple slides for your benefit and for

1262
00:51:50,550 --> 00:51:47,570
the benefit of those who are taking a